Immunology & Immunogenetics

The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism that provides protection against infections and toxins. When foreign substances, including bacteria or viruses, enter the body, immune cells get activated and neutralize these potential threats through a cascade of complex cellular events.

Autoimmune diseases are a case of mistaken identity in which the body's immune system, which ordinarily attacks intruders like viruses and bacteria, attacks itself. There are more than 100 different autoimmune diseases, some of which involve a single organ (e.g. Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and others that attack nearly any organ or tissue (e.g. lupus). Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.

Inflammation is a critical response to potential danger signals and damage in organs in our body. In diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and others, the immune system turns against the bodies’ organs. Inflammatory diseases include a vast array of disorders and conditions that are characterized by inflammation.

Molecular Immunology manages the comprehension of the resistant framework and how it capacities to shield us from pathogens, similar to microscopic organisms and infections, while in the meantime disregarding the innocuous or valuable microorganisms in our condition. Different systems utilized in Molecular Immunology Antibodies. Counteracting agent utilizes Elisa, Nephelometry, and Radioimmunology.

Microbial Immunology is the examination of the sub-atomic systems used by microorganisms to achieve ailment in individuals and animals. Bacterial, protozoan, parasitic and viral pathogens have developed a wide variety of gadgets to develop themselves in the host and get supplements, which moreover cause impedance and illness. To understand the staggering structures used by microbial pathogens, microbiologists and immunologists use each one of the gadgets of present-day sub-nuclear science, inherited characteristics, destructiveness components, sedate coordinated efforts, natural science, and biophysics. Perceiving how microorganisms cause illness is frequently the underlying push toward the change of new antibodies and therapeutics and it's cover all parts of the interrelationship between powerful experts and their hosts.

Immunotoxicity refers to an adverse or inappropriate change in the structure or function of the immune system after exposure to a foreign substance. Adverse effects can be manifest as immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, or autoimmunity.

Immunotechnology is a technology based on applications of cells and molecules of the immune system. The exquisite specificity of antigen-antibody interactions has led to the development of a variety of immunological techniques. These techniques have played a vital role in diagnosing disease, monitoring the level of the humoral immune response, and identifying molecules of biological or medical interest. Advances in immunodiagnostic technologies provide the basis for developing antigen-detection platforms capable of meeting stringent requirements for sensitivity, specificity, assay speed, robustness, and simplicity. An antibody-based microarray is setting a novel proteomic technology sets a new standard for molecular profiling of non-fractionated complex proteomes.

Immunopathology is a part of biomedical science worried about safe reactions to sickness, with immunodeficiency maladies, and with infections caused by resistant instruments. It incorporates the investigation of the pathology of a living being, organ framework, or sickness regarding the invulnerable framework, invulnerability, and safe reactions. The safe obsessive response is caused by the arrival of poisons and the apoptosis of the contaminated cell.

Antigen processing and presentation is the process by which protein antigen is ingested by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), partially digested into peptide fragments and then displayed on the surface of the APC associated with an antigen-presenting molecule such as MHC class I or MHC class II, for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells. Antigen processing  involves two distinct pathways for processing of antigens from an organism's own (self) proteins or intracellular pathogens (e.g. viruses), or from phagocytosed pathogens (e.g. bacteria); subsequent presentation of these antigens on class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is dependent on which pathway is used.

Cancer immunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology concerned with the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer; the most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, where the immune system is used to treat cancer. Cancer immunosurveillance is a theory formulated in 1957 by Burnet and Thomas, who proposed that lymphocytes act as sentinels in recognizing and eliminating continuously arising, nascent transformed cells. Cancer immunosurveillance appears to be an important host protection process that decreases cancer rates through inhibition of carcinogenesis and maintaining of regular cellular homeostasis.[5] It has also been suggested that immunosurveillance primarily functions as a component of a more general process of cancer immunoediting. Antitumor Effector Cells and Regulation of Tumor Immunity

Transplantation illustrates the process of moving cells, tissues or organs from one site to another for the purpose of replacing or repairing damaged or diseased organs and tissues. But, the immune system poses a vital barrier to successful organ transplantation. The immune system plays an important role in transplantation. The complex mechanisms of immunity, which under natural circumstances work to identify foreign microbes and governs the immune system to destroy them, pose a significant barrier to successful transplantation. Transplant rejection occurs in situations where the immune system identifies the transplant as foreign, triggering a response that will eventually destroy the transplanted organ or tissue.

Computational immunology is a discipline of science that incorporates high-throughput genomic and bioinformatics approaches to immunology. It generally intends to convert immunological data into computational problems, solving them by using mathematical and computational approaches and then converting the results into immunologically meaningful interpretations.

Nutritional immunity is a process by which a host organism separates trace minerals in an effort to limit pathogenicity during infection. Circulating concentrations of minerals, such as iron and zinc, decrease immediately and dramatically with the inflammation associated with infection. The deterioration in iron and zinc is thought to starve invading pathogens of these essential elements, limiting disease progression and severity.

Immunohematology is the study of the reactions that take place between antigens present on blood cells and antibodies present in plasma. It may also be described as the study of RBC antigens and antibodies associated with blood transfusions.

Clinical immunology involves the study of diseases caused by disorders of the system like aberrant action, a malignant growth of the cellular components of the system, failure, etc. It involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. It primarily focuses on a particular physiological technique and inflammation that are essential for good health, particularly in defence against pathogenic organisms, recovery from injury, and containment of neoplasms as it is a medical subspecialty.

Cellular immunology involves an immune reaction which prevents the involvement of any antibodies, rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, along with the unleash of various cytokines in response to an antigen. It deals with the activities of cells in experimental or clinical situations. It is the interactions among cells and molecules of the system that contribute to the recognition and elimination of pathogens.

between the immune system and components of the reproduction system i.e. maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus or immunological synergies across the blood-testis barrier. The theory has been used to solve the fertility issues, repeated miscarriages and pregnancy complications observed when this state of immunological tolerance is not successfully achieved.

Immunological therapy is the new innovative method used for treating many cases of previously unexplained infertility or recurrent miscarriage. Behavioral immunology refers to the branch of behavioral medicine concerned with bidirectional synergies between behavior and the immune system.