Molecular neuroscience is a division of neurological science that recognizes the concepts of nervous system with molecular biology and molecular genetics. The scope of this subject is the study of behaviour of neurons at the cellular and molecular level and the effects of genetics and epigenetics on neuronal development, cell signaling, ion channels, neural degeneration, neurodegenerative diseases and repair.

An allergy is a reaction by your immune system to something in the environment that generally causes little or no problem in most people. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, the diseases can be spread directly or indirectly, from one person to another. 

Mucosal Immunology is a branch of study of the immune system, which provides protection to an organism's numerous mucous membranes from invasion by potentially pathogenic microbes. The interests of scientists studying gastrointestinal, pulmonary, nasopharyngeal, oral, ocular, and genitourinary immunology. The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal, reproductive and respiratory tracts are in direct contact with the external environment and are therefore susceptible to invasion by pathogens. Mucosal immune system must balance the need to respond to such pathogens with maintaining a harmonious relationship with commensal bacteria and innocuous environmental antigens. This Focus highlights the latest research providing insights into global infections, mucosal vaccines, immune regulation and its relationship to inflammation, various diseases of mucosal tissues such as inflammatory bowel disease, and the immunological importance of epithelial cells.

Innate or nonspecific immunity is the defense against infection that can be activated immediately once a pathogen attacks. It protects you against all antigens. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body. The innate immune system is fundamentally made up of barriers that intention to keep viruses, bacteria, parasites and other foreign particles out of our body or limit their ability to spread and move throughout the body.

Inflammation is the body’s response occurs when tissues are damaged by bacteria, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The aim is being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens and begin the healing process. These damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandins. 

Industrial Immunology is the study of how the body defends itself against disease. It helps us understand how the immune system is tricked into attacking its own tissue, leading to diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes or allergy.

Immunohematology is more frequently known as blood banking is a branch of hematology which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they similar to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders. Immunohaematology is a study of the immunology and genetics of blood groups, blood cell antigens and antibodies and specific blood proteins especially important in blood banking and transfusion medicine.

Computational immunology is a field of science that incorporates high-throughput genomic and bioinformatics methods to immunology, its involves the development and application of bioinformatics methods, mathematical models and statistical techniques for the study of immune system biology.

Molecular medicine is the application of molecular biology, genetics and molecular immunology to the understanding of human health and disease. It aims to understand of normal body function and disease pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular levels. Its objective is to develop a novel understanding of good health and through a better understanding of disease processes and ways of prevention, diagnosing and treating diseases.

The global molecular medicine kits and reagents market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~7% from 2013 to 2018.

Molecular biomarkers have been defined as cellular, biochemical or molecular alterations that are measurable in biological media such as human tissues, cells or fluids. In practice biomarkers include tools and technologies are used for various purposes, including disease diagnosis and prognosis, prediction and assessment of treatment response and safety assessment also in the nervous system there is a wide range of techniques that used for taking information about the brain in both the healthy and diseased state. Biomarkers applications are in field of diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases, infections, immunological, some genetic disorders and cancer are well known. Biomarkers also assist in neuroscience to diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders and to investigate their cause. 

Transplantation means removing something from one position and introducing it in another position. It is the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one place to another place. The inserted tissue or organ is known as graft. Organs which can be transplanted are heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, penis, eyes and intestine.

Molecular Immunology deals with the understanding of the immune system and how it functions to protect us from pathogens, like bacteria and viruses, while at the same time ignoring the harmless or beneficial microbes in our environment. Various techniques used in Molecular Immunology Antibodies. Antibody uses: Elisa, Nephelometry, Radioimmunology.

Immunological techniques are the wide varieties of methods and focused experimental protocols developed by immunologists for inducing, measuring, and characterizing immune responses. The most common immunological methods relate to the production and use of antibodies to identify particular proteins in biological samples. They allow the immunologists to alter the immune system through cellular, molecular and genetic manipulation.

Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and disease. Immunodermatology testing is important for the correct diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases affecting epithelial organs including skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

Molecular oncology is a flied of medical speciality at the interface of medicinal chemistry and oncology that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of cancer and tumors at the molecular scale. Cellular Oncology deals with both biomedical and clinical portion also translational cancer research on the cell and tissue level. This includes a variety of fields like genome technology, micro-arrays and other high-throughput techniques, SNP, DNA methylation, signaling pathways, DNA organization, (sub)microscopic imaging, proteomics, bioinformatics, functional effects of genomics, drug design, molecular diagnostics and targeted cancer therapies, genotype-phenotype interactions.

Biochemistry is the study of science that explores the chemical processes in living organisms. It’s a laboratory based science that carries together biology and chemistry and deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules. Biochemistry focuses at a molecular level like what’s happening inside our cells and how cells communicate with each other.

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level and deals with connections between the various systems of the cell including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.

Microbial immunology is the study of the molecular mechanisms used by microbes to cause disease in humans and animals. Bacterial, protozoan, fungal and viral pathogens have developed a wide variety of tools to establish themselves in the host and gain nutrients, which also cause impairment and disease. To understand the complex processes used by microbial pathogens, microbiologists and immunologists employ all the tools of modern molecular biology, genetics, virulence factors, drug interactions, biochemistry and biophysics. Understanding how microbes cause disease is often the first step toward the development of new vaccines and therapeutics and its cover all aspects of the interrelationship between infectious agents and their hosts. 

The global microbial identification market is estimated at $896.5 million by the end of 2014 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2014 to 2019, to reach $1,194.1 million by 2019.

Vaccinology describes vaccine development and how the immune system retorts to vaccines, but also includes ongoing evaluation of immunization programs, vaccine safety and effectiveness, as well as surveillance of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases. It derives from epidemiology, immunology, infectious disease, virology, preventive medicine, paediatrics and public health.

Tumour immunology defines the interaction among cells of the immune system with tumour cells. The tumour microenvironment is a main aspect of cancer biology that contributes to tumour initiation, tumour progression and responses to therapy. Tumours are groups of abnormal cells that form lumps. Different kinds of tumours grow and behave differently, depending on whether they are non-cancerous or cancerous. 

Autoimmune disease is a pathological state arising from an abnormal immune response of the body to substances and tissues that are normally present in the body. Any disease that results from such an unusual immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disease can affect nearly any part of the body, including the heart, brain, nerves, joints, skin, glands, eyes, muscles, lungs, kidneys, the digestive tract and blood vessels. 

Immunogenetics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between the immune system and their genetics. Immungenetics comprise all processes of an organism, which are controlled and influenced by the genes of the organism. Immunogenetics focuses on autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Defining the immune defects, Identification of genes, may identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches in future.

Cellular Immunology is a study of cellular immune responses in vitro and in vivo. It is concerned with the immunological activities of cells in clinical situations or experimental. It focuses on the topics like  Antigen receptor sites  Autoimmunity, Delayed-type hypersensitivity or cellular immunity,  Immunologic deficiency states and their reconstitution, Immunologic surveillance and tumor immunity, Immunomodulation,  Lymphocytes and cytokines, Immunotherapy,   No antibody immunity, Resistance to intracellular microbial and viral infection, Parasite immunology, Thymus and lymphocyte immunobiology, Transplantation immunology,  Tumor immunity.